The concept of planning culture acknowledges the significance of choices, leeway and attitudes of actors in the planning process as well as the structuring force of established practices at organisational and societal levels. Planning culture can thus be a useful concept to link system-centred and practice-oriented research perspectives. However, planning cultures are still often understood...

The concept of ‘soft spaces’ is increasingly used in academic debates to describe planning spaces and processes outside the statutory planning system. By being used in research that is based in different geographical contexts, addresses different spatial scales and deals with different thematic fields, the idea of ‘soft spaces’ has undergone a considerable conceptual evolution....